03+-+Summaries

BASIC COMPETENCES

The Basic Competence is defined as “the capacity to respond to complex demands and carry out diverse duties successfully. It involves a combination of practical skills, knowledge, motivations, ethic values, attitudes, emotions and other social components that work jointly in order to achieve an effective action”.

COGNITIVE THEORIES 1. - Piaget: Four stages in cognitive development:

1) Sensorimotor stage 2) Preoperational stage 3) Concrete operational stage 4) Formal operational stage

2. - Vygotsky: He doesn´t refer to stage.

Cognitive development: 1) Culture affecting cognitive development 2) Social factors contributing to cognitive development 3) Role of language

NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE

75% of the information was obtained in our interactions come from non-verbal language.

There are many sciences that study the meaning of those movements:

1. Proxemics <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Study the way people construct and manage the distance between themselves and others in ordinary daily life. Proxemics the existence of the confort zone:
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Intimate
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Good friends
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Acquaintances
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">General public

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">2. Kinetics <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Study the nonverbal coding systems of body activity.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">3. Semiotics <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">It’s the science that seeks to understand how Natural or constructed signs and symbols function as a communication medium. Through semiotics we could differentiate signs:


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Units of nonverbal communication
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Gestures
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Movements
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Face expression
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Any movement that convey information.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Sings –** Not all are cue´s or signal´s, but all cue´s or signal are signs.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Cue´s –** Non-verbal signs used to prompt an event, behavior or experience (used to cause a reaction in other person).

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**SIGNAL -** Used to inform as to what will happen, a hint or warning (has a lot of cultural background). <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Each culture has signs to express different things. We can´t use the same symbols for all cultures, because they may have different signs.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Common nonverbal signs: <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Emblems -** Gestures with precise meaning.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Illustrators -** Gestures that enhance verbal messages.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Adaptors -** Help a person adapt release tension.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Regulators -** Used to regulate, manage or control a conversation.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**Affect displayers -** Facial expressions showing emotions.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">But we also use sounds associated to words to convey meaning. Those sounds work on their own, even if we do not understand the words/sentences those associated sounds will help us to create the context, imagine what the speaker want to say and predict a future response. This is known as **paralanguage**, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">and the most common are:


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Qualifiers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Characterizers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Segregates

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We conclude that the paralanguage is how we say things with different intonations.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 35px;">HOW TO TELL A STORY

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">The stories have common elements such as characters, situations and events, but this is how to count what makes the stories special. <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Before telling a story, we should be in mind that materials we will use, when we do silences to give emotion to the story and how they will participate students during the story. <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">-One way to tell stories for very young children is to mimic the actions that are happening throughout the story, besides using a slower pace than we normally use to talk to other adults. <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">- At story time we must consider the ability of children placed in the context of the story, for that reason we must make aproper introduction of the characters, the time at which the story and the actions that are occurring along the story.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">- To keep the attention of children in history, sometimes you have to turn to resources like the songs,they are part of the story, puppets,...

- The most attractive stories to young children are the fables of animals or children like them. Fantastic stories that move their imagination while learning help.

If we have to encourage them to read, either in language or another, there are also books to read them with resources that can be included in the stories spoken,as are the drawings with textures.